The Value of Ancient Art as Humanityã¢ââ¢s Collective Cultural Heritage and Museums

Physical artifact or intangible attribute of a social club inherited from past generations

Cultural heritage is the heritage of tangible and intangible heritage assets of a grouping or gild that is inherited from past generations. Not all heritages of past generations are "heritage"; rather, heritage is a product of selection by society.^[1]

Cultural heritage includes tangible culture (such as buildings, monuments, landscapes, books, works of art, and artifacts), intangible culture (such equally folklore, traditions, language, and noesis), and natural heritage (including culturally significant landscapes, and biodiversity).^[2] The term is often used in connection with bug relating to the protection of Indigenous intellectual property.^[3]

The deliberate human activity of keeping cultural heritage from the nowadays for the future is known equally preservation (American English language) or conservation (British English), which cultural and historical ethnic museums and cultural centers promote, though these terms may have more specific or technical meanings in the same contexts in the other dialect. Preserved heritage has go an anchor of the global tourism industry, a major correspondent of economic value to local communities.^[1]

Legal protection of cultural property comprises a number of international agreements and national laws. Un, UNESCO and Blue Shield International deal with the protection of cultural heritage. This likewise applies to the integration of United Nations peacekeeping.^[four] ^[5] ^[six] ^[7] ^[8] ^[nine]

Types of heritage [edit]

Cultural property [edit]

Cultural holding includes the physical, or "tangible" cultural heritage, such equally artworks. These are by and large split into two groups of movable and immovable heritage. Immovable heritage includes buildings (which themselves may include installed art such equally organs, stained glass windows, and frescos), large industrial installations, residential projects or other historic places and monuments. Moveable heritage includes books, documents, moveable artworks, machines, clothing, and other artifacts, that are considered worthy of preservation for the future. These include objects significant to the archaeology, architecture, science or technology of a specified civilization.^[ii]

Aspects and disciplines of the preservation and conservation of tangible culture include:

Museology
Archival science
Conservation (cultural heritage)
- Art conservation
- Archaeological conservation
- Architectural conservation
- Film preservation
- Phonograph record preservation
Digital preservation

Intangible culture [edit]

"Intangible cultural heritage" consists of non-concrete aspects of a particular civilisation, more than often maintained past social customs during a specific period in history. The concept includes the means and ways of behavior in a guild, and the frequently formal rules for operating in a particular cultural climate. These include social values and traditions, customs and practices, aesthetic and spiritual beliefs, artistic expression, language and other aspects of human activity. The significance of physical artifacts can be interpreted as an act against the backdrop of socioeconomic, political, ethnic, religious and philosophical values of a particular group of people. Naturally, intangible cultural heritage is more hard to preserve than physical objects.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Aspects of the preservation and conservation of cultural intangibles include:

sociology
oral history
language preservation

Natural heritage [edit]

"Natural heritage" is besides an of import part of a lodge's heritage, encompassing the countryside and natural environment, including flora and fauna, scientifically known equally biodiversity, as well every bit geological elements (including mineralogical, geomorphological, paleontological, etc.), scientifically known equally geodiversity. These kind of heritage sites often serve as an important component in a country's tourist industry, alluring many visitors from abroad as well equally locally. Heritage tin can also include cultural landscapes (natural features that may have cultural attributes).

Aspects of the preservation and conservation of natural heritage include:

Rare breeds conservation
Heirloom plants

Protection of cultural heritage [edit]

History [edit]

In that location take been examples of respect for the cultural assets of enemies since ancient times. The roots of today'due south legal state of affairs for the precise protection of cultural heritage likewise lie in some of Austria's ruler Maria Theresa (1717 - 1780) decided Regulations and the demands of the Congress of Vienna (1814/15) not to remove works of art from their place of origin in the war.^[10] The procedure continued at the end of the 19th century when, in 1874 (in Brussels), at to the lowest degree a draft international agreement on the laws and customs of state of war was agreed. 25 years later, in 1899, an international peace conference was held in the Netherlands on the initiative of Tsar Nicholas Two of Russia, with the aim of revising the proclamation (which was never ratified) and adopting a convention. The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 too significantly advanced international law and laid down the principle of the immunity of cultural property. Three decades later, in 1935, the preamble to the Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions (Roerich Pact) was formulated. On the initiative of UNESCO, the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict was signed in 1954.^[11]

Protection of cultural heritage or protection of cultural goods means all measures to protect cultural property against harm, devastation, theft, embezzlement or other loss. The term "monument protection" is besides used for immovable cultural holding. This relates in item to the prevention of robbery digs at archaeological sites, the looting or destruction of cultural sites and the theft of works of art from churches and museums all over the earth and basically measures regarding the conservation and general admission to our common cultural heritage. Legal protection of cultural heritage comprises a number of international agreements and national laws, and these must too be implemented.^[12] ^[thirteen] ^[14] ^[15] ^[16]

There is a close partnership between the UN, United Nations peacekeeping, UNESCO, the International Committee of the Carmine Cross and Bluish Shield International.^[nine] ^[17]

The protection of the cultural heritage should also preserve the particularly sensitive cultural memory, the growing cultural variety and the economic basis of a state, a municipality or a region. Whereby in that location is also a connexion betwixt cultural user disruption or cultural heritage and the cause of flight. But only through the cardinal cooperation, including the armed forces units and the planning staff, with the locals can the protection of earth heritage sites, archaeological finds, exhibits and archaeological sites from devastation, looting and robbery be implemented sustainably. The founding president of Blue Shield International Karl von Habsburg summed it up with the words: "Without the local community and without the local participants, that would be completely impossible".^[18] ^[19] ^[20] ^[21]

The ethics and rationale of cultural preservation [edit]

Objects are a part of the study of human history because they provide a physical basis for ideas, and tin validate them. Their preservation demonstrates a recognition of the necessity of the past and of the things that tell its story.^[22] In The By is a Foreign Country, David Lowenthal observes that preserved objects also validate memories. While digital conquering techniques tin provide a technological solution that is able to acquire the shape and the appearance of artifacts with an unprecedented precision^[23] in man history, the actuality of the object, as opposed to a reproduction, draws people in and gives them a literal mode of touching the past. This, unfortunately, poses a danger as places and things are damaged by the hands of tourists, the light required to display them, and other risks of making an object known and bachelor. The reality of this hazard reinforces the fact that all artifacts are in a constant state of chemical transformation, and so that what is considered to be preserved is actually changing – information technology is never as it once was.^[24] Similarly changing is the value each generation may place on the past and on the artifacts that link it to the past.

Classical civilizations, specially Indian, have attributed supreme importance to the preservation of tradition. Its central idea was that social institutions, scientific knowledge and technological applications need to use a "heritage" as a "resource".^[25] Using contemporary language, we could say that ancient Indians considered, every bit social resources, both economical assets (like natural resources and their exploitation construction) and factors promoting social integration (like institutions for the preservation of knowledge and for the maintenance of civil order).^[26] Ethics considered that what had been inherited should not be consumed, but should exist handed over, possibly enriched, to successive generations. This was a moral imperative for all, except in the concluding life stage of sannyasa.

What one generation considers "cultural heritage" may exist rejected by the next generation, merely to exist revived by a subsequent generation.

World heritage movement [edit]

Plaque stating the designation of Carthage as a World Heritage Site.

Significant was the Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage that was adopted by the General Briefing of UNESCO in 1972. As of 2011, at that place are 936 World Heritage Sites: 725 cultural, 183 natural, and 28 mixed properties, in 153 countries. Each of these sites is considered important to the international customs.

The underwater cultural heritage is protected past the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. This convention is a legal instrument helping states parties to improve the protection of their underwater cultural heritage.^[27] ^[28]

In addition, UNESCO has begun designating masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights sitting as function of the United Nations Economical and Social Quango with article 15 of its Covenant had sought to instill the principles under which cultural heritage is protected as part of a basic human right.

Primal international documents and bodies include:

Athens Charter, 1931
Roerich Pact, 1935
Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Holding in the Event of Armed Conflict, 1954, (with a definition of cultural heritage item adopted by some national police force)
Venice Charter, 1964
Barcelona Charter, 2002 (regarding maritime vessel preservation)
ICOMOS
The Blue Shield, a network of committees of dedicated individuals beyond the world that is "committed to the protection of the world'southward cultural property, and is concerned with the protection of cultural and natural heritage, tangible and intangible, in the event of armed conflict, natural- or human-made disaster."
International Institute for Conservation

The U.S. Government Accountability Office issued a report describing some of the United States' cultural belongings protection efforts.^[29]

National and regional heritage movements [edit]

Much of heritage preservation work is done at the national, regional, or local levels of society. Diverse national and regional regimes include:

Australia:

Burra Charter

Heritage Overlay in Victoria, Commonwealth of australia

Brazil:

National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage

Canada

Heritage conservation in Canada

Republic of chile

National Monuments Council (Chile)

Communist china

State Administration of Cultural Heritage

Egypt

Supreme Council of Antiquities

Estonia

Ministry of Culture (Estonia)

National Heritage Board (Estonia)^[thirty]

Ghana

Republic of ghana's material cultural heritage

Honduras

Secretary of State for Culture, Arts and Sports

Hong Kong

Heritage conservation in Hong Kong

Republic of india

Ministry of Culture (India)

National Archives of India

Archaeological Survey of India

Anthropological Survey of Republic of india

Civilisation of India

National Museum Establish of the History of Art, Conservation and Museology

List of World Heritage Sites in Republic of india

Indian Heritage Cities Network, Mysore

Heritage structures in Hyderabad

Islamic republic of iran

Cultural Heritage, Handcrafts and Tourism Organization

Nippon

Cultural Properties of Nihon

Kenya

National Museums of Kenya

International Inventories Programme

Macedonia

Institute for Protection of Cultural Monuments

Malaysia

The National Heritage Act

Namibia

National Heritage Quango of Namibia

National Monuments Council

New Zealand

New Zealand Historic Places Trust

Pakistan

Lahore Museum of Art and Cultural History

Lok Virsa Heritage Museum

National Museum of Pakistan

Pakistan Monument and Heritage Museum

Philippines

National Committee for Civilization and the Arts

National Historical Commission of the Philippines

Poland

National Ossoliński Institute^[31]

South Africa

South African Heritage Resources Agency

Provincial heritage resources authorities

Amafa aKwaZulu-Natali

Heritage Western Cape

Northern Greatcoat Heritage Resource Authority

National Monuments Council

Historical Monuments Committee

U.k.

Conservation in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland

English Heritage

English Heritage Annal

National Trust

Cadw

Northern Republic of ireland Environment Bureau

Historic Environment Scotland

National Trust for Scotland

United states of america

National Register of Historic Places

Republic of zimbabwe

National Monuments of Zimbabwe

Bug in cultural heritage [edit]

Keepsake used to clearly place cultural property under protection of the Hague Convention of 1954, regarding cultural holding during armed conflicts.

Wide philosophical, technical, and political issues and dimensions of cultural heritage include:

Cultural heritage repatriation
Cultural heritage management
Cultural property law
Heritage tourism
Virtual heritage
Sustainable preservation

Management of cultural heritage [edit]

Issues in cultural heritage management include:

Exhibition of cultural heritage objects
Radiography of cultural objects
Storage of cultural heritage objects
Collections maintenance
Disaster preparedness

Cultural heritage digital preservation [edit]

Ancient archaeological artefacts and archaeological sites are naturally prone to damage due to their age and environmental weather. As well, there have been tragic occurrences of unexpected human-made disasters, sych as in the cases of a burn that took place in the 200 years old National Museum of Brazil and the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Notre Matriarch Cathedral in France.

Therefore, in that location is a growing need to digitize cultural heritage in order to preserve them in the face of potential calamities such as climate change, natural disaster, poor policy or inadequate infrastructure. For example, the Library of Congress has started to digitize its collections in a special program called the National Digital Library Program.^[32] The Smithsonian has too been actively digitizing its collection with the release of the "Smithsonian Ten 3D Explorer," assuasive anyone to engage with the digitized versions of the museum's millions of artifacts, of which only two percent are on display.^[33] ^[34]

3D Scanning devices accept become a practical reality in the field of heritage preservation. 3D scanners tin produce a high-precision digital reference model that non just digitizes condition but also provides a 3D virtual model for replication. The high cost and relative complexity of 3D scanning technologies accept made it quite impractical for many heritage institutions in the past, but this is changing, as applied science advances and its relative costs are decreasing to achieve a level where even mobile based scanning applications tin be used to create a virtual museum.

Run into besides [edit]

Antiquarian
Architectural Heritage
Collecting
Heritage film
International Council on Monuments and Sites
Values (heritage)

Digital methods in preservation [edit]

DigiCULT
ERPANET
Intellectual holding issues in cultural heritage (IPinCH)
MICHAEL (webportal) [de; fr; it; nl]

References [edit]

^ ^a ^b Logan, William South. (2007). "Closing Pandora'south Box: Human Rights Conundrums in Cultural Heritage". In Silverman, Helaine; Ruggles, D. Fairchild (eds.). Cultural heritage and human rights. New York, NY: Springer. ISBN9780387713137. OCLC 187048155.
^ ^a ^b Ann Marie Sullivan, Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past, 15 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 604 (2016) https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl
^ "Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property (ICIP) (AITB)". Arts Law Centre of Commonwealth of australia . Retrieved 21 July 2021.
^ "UNESCO Legal Instruments: Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Issue of Armed Conflict 1999".
^ UNESCO convenes Libyan and international experts meeting for the safeguard of Great socialist people's libyan arab jamahiriya's cultural heritage. UNESCO World Heritage Heart - News, 21. Oktober 2011.
^ Roger O'Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual." UNESCO, 2016, S. 73ff.
^ Eric Gibson: The Destruction of Cultural Heritage Should be a State of war Crime. In: The Wall Street Journal, 2 March 2015.
^ UNESCO Director-Full general calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blue Shield International General Assembly. UNESCO, 13 September 2017.
^ ^a ^b UNIFIL - Activity plan to preserve heritage sites during conflict, 12 Apr 2019.
^ Schutz des kulturellen Erbes (German language - Protection of cultural heritgage), Austrian Armed forces
^ A celebrated resolution to protect cultural heritage, The UNESCO Courier
^ Corine Wegener, Marjan Otter: Cultural Belongings at War: Protecting Heritage during Armed Conflict. In: The Getty Conservation Constitute, Newsletter 23.ane, Leap 2008.
^ Roger O'Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Holding. Armed services Manual." UNESCO, 2016.
^ Eden Stiffman "Cultural Preservation in Disasters, War Zones. Presents Big Challenges" in The Chronicle Of Philanthropy, 11 May 2015.
^ "UNESCO Managing director-General calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blueish Shield International Full general Assembly.", UNESCO - 13 September 2017.
^ Friedrich Schipper: "Bildersturm: Die globalen Normen zum Schutz von Kulturgut greifen nicht" (German - The global norms for the protection of cultural property exercise not apply), In: Der Standard, six March 2015.
^ The ICRC and the Blue Shield signed a Memorandum of Understanding, 26 February 2020.
^ Action plan to preserve heritage sites during conflict - UNITED NATIONS, 12 Apr 2019
^ "Austrian Armed forces Mission in Lebanon" (in German language).
^ Jyot Hosagrahar: Culture: at the heart of SDGs. UNESCO-Kurier, April-Juni 2017.
^ Rick Szostak: The Causes of Economic Growth: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Springer Science & Business Media, 2009, ISBN 9783540922827.
^ Tanselle, G. Thomas (1998), Literature and Artifacts, Charlottesville, VA: Bibliographical Society of the Academy of Virginia, ISBNi-883631-06-8, OCLC 39223648
^ Paolo Cignoni; Roberto Scopigno (June 2008), "Sampled 3D models for CH applications: A viable and enabling new medium or only a technological exercise?" (PDF), ACM Periodical on Computing and Cultural Heritage, ane (1): 1, doi:10.1145/1367080.1367082, S2CID 16510261.
^ Lowenthal, David (1985), The Past is a Foreign Country , New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN0-521-22415-ii, OCLC 12052097
^ Proposing Varanasi for the Globe Heritage List of UNESCO (PDF), Varanasi Evolution Authority .
^ Singh, Rana P.B., Vrinda Dar and Due south. Pravin, Rationales for including Varanasi as heritage metropolis in the UNESCO Globe Heritage Listing, National Geographic Periodical of India (varanasi) 2001, 47:177-200 {{commendation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).
^ [This convention is a legal instrument helping states parties to improve the protection of their underwater cultural heritage]
^ Roberts, Hayley (2018). "The British Ratification of the Underwater Heritage Convention: Issues and Prospects". International & Comparative Law Quarterly. 67 (iv): 833–865. doi:10.1017/S0020589318000210. ISSN 0020-5893. S2CID 149780539.
^ "Cultural Property: Protection of Iraqi and Syrian Antiquities".
^ "Tere tulemast". register.muinas.ee . Retrieved 21 September 2018.
^ Mariusz Dworsatschek, ed. (2017). Nie tylko książki. Ossolińskie kolekcje i ich opiekunowie (in Smooth) (1 ed.). Wrocław: Osso Wczoraj i Dziś. ISBN978-83-65588-31-ix. "not just books. The Ossolineum's collections and their custodians".
^ "Library of Congress National Digital Library Programme". retention.loc.gov . Retrieved 2022-03-23 .
^ Opam, Kwame (2013-11-13). "The Smithsonian is now sharing 3D scans of artifacts with the public". The Verge . Retrieved 2022-03-23 .
^ "3D Digitization |". 3d.si.edu . Retrieved 2022-03-23 .

External links [edit]

Cultural heritage policy - history and resource Getty Museum - list of major international cultural heritage documents, charters, and treaties
UNESCO Globe Heritage Centre – Official website of the United nations organization for cultural heritage
International Council on Monuments and Sites
International Quango of Museums
International Heart for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Holding
Cultural routes and landscapes, a mutual heritage of Europe (English language and French language)
EPOCH – European Research Network on Excellence in Processing Open up Cultural Heritage
Peace Palace Library - Research Guide
National Quango for Preservation Instruction
Dédalo Open source direction system for Cultural heritage
Cultural heritage travel guide from Wikivoyage

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_heritage